Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury - 1776 Words

Winston Churchill, a politician and an author, once said,â€Å"To improve is to change; to be perfect is to change often† (Churchill). Change is always occurring weather it be on a small or a large scale. You could be a billionaire businessman or a fast food worker, anyone has the power to change and impact society. The main character from Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Guy Montag, a fireman who burns books, is no stranger to changing society for the better. The novel is set in a future dystopian society where technology fills everyone’s day to day lives. The government censors the people of all of the problems and destroys knowledge to keep people from thinking for themselves and revolting against the corrupt government. Clarisse McClellan, a†¦show more content†¦Clarisse’s Uncle is all about being different and outgoing this is shown when Clarisse says, â€Å"I’m seventeen and I’m crazy. My uncle says the two always go together. When pe ople ask your age, he said, always say seventeen and insane† (Bradbury 7). People in this society are constantly conforming to the norm by failing to outgoing. Clarisse’s Uncle teaches Clarisse to stand out in the crowd, make a difference, and teach people. Clarisse Uncle also teaches Clarisse to stop and think. When Clarisse first confronts Montag they begin to talk about Montag’s job as a fireman and this is when another key value Clarisse has gained from her uncle is shown. When Montag laughs at statement of Clarisse she responds, â€Å"You laugh when I haven’t been funny and you answer right off. You never stop to think about what I’ve asked you† (8). Clarisse learns from her uncle to take a step back and survey her life, she has taken the time to stop and think about decisions, questions, and surroundings. Clarisse’s Uncle is also a nonconformist. A corrupt government can put laws into place that are outrageous and under the righ t circumstances are beneficial to be broken. In Clarisse’s Uncles case it was beneficial. Clarisse tells us that, â€Å"[...] My uncle drove slowly on a highway once. He drove forty miles an hour and they jailed him two days. Isn’t that funny, and sad, too?† (9). Clarisse’s Uncle breaks the law just to take in the beauty

Essay on Analysis of George Orwells 1984 - 4218 Words

Analysis of George Orwells 1984 War Is Peace. Freedom Is Slavery. Ignorance Is Strength. The party slogan of Ingsoc illustrates the sense of contradiction which characterizes the novel 1984. That the book was taken by many as a condemnation of socialism would have troubled Orwell greatly, had he lived to see the aftermath of his work. 1984 was a warning against totalitarianism and state sponsored brutality driven by excess technology. Socialist idealism in 1984 had turned to a total loss of individual freedom in exchange for false security and obedience to a totalitarian government, a dysutopia. 1984 was more than a simple warning to the socialists of Orwells time. There are many complex philosophical issues buried deep within†¦show more content†¦This state of constant surveillance demands complete conformity among the population. In Oceania, there are no laws, but non-conformity is punished by death. The thought police are an omnipresent force of the government, weeding out non-conformists and making the m disappear on a regular basis. Even a slight inflection in the voice or a look of the eye can be construed as thoughtcrime. Propaganda, terror, and technology are the tools of the state, used to coerce and control the thoughts and actions of the populace. Reality is denied on a regular basis if it is non-consistent with party doctrine. The main character of the novel, Winston Smith, said that freedom is the freedom to say that 2+2=4.(Orwell,69)In fact, if the party said that 2+2=5, the population would believe this to be truth. History is actually rewritten on a daily basis so as to appear consistent with party doctrine. The enemy of today becomes the enemy of yesterday, poverty becomes progress, war becomes peace, and slavery becomes freedom. This concept of denying reality in the face of obvious contradiction is known as doublespeak. It is central to the philosophy of Ingsoc, and is the greatest tool of the governments mind-control agenda. Winston Smith, the tragic non-conformist main character works as a member of the party. His job is to rewrite newspaper recordsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Big Brother And George Orwells 1984713 Words   |  3 Pagestortured with your wildest fears. These what-if’s become reality in 1984, a novel written by George Orwell. Orwell’s 1984 follows the story of a dystopian society and one man’s path to rebellion. The main character, Winston, wrestles with the idea of oppression implemented by the totalitarian-style government and eventually decides he must rebel. His story is one of love, trust, torture, and defeat. The government system used in Orwell’s 1984 is similar to the Nazi regime in that they both had strict leadersRead MoreThe Price of Freedom: An Analysis of Rebellion in George Orwells 19841462 Words   |  6 PagesAs a new society unfolds, so do new values and authority. In 1984, George Orwell presents a futuristic vision of the power of government as well as its social conventions. Primarily, Orwell uses Winston Smith to exhibit the effects that government control can have on morality. Winston lives in Oceania where The Party exploits its complete power by controlling people emotionally and mentally. However, this disturbs Winston who subsequently challenges The Party and is provoked into becoming a rebelRead More1984 Argument1249 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell’s book 1984 is a very interesting novel. The novel is set up in Airstrip One. In George Orwell’s book 1984 it has many situations. One of the many situations are that some people refer society as â€Å"Orwellian.† What does Orwellian mean? Orwellian means, of or related to the works of George Orwell ( especially his picture of his future totalitarian state.) People believe that Orwell is realistic and say his work part of our society now. George Orwell was a writer in the twentieth centuryRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Brave New World1601 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesThroughout time numerous individuals have attempted to predict what the future holds for our society. If one was to narrow their focus on the past century they would see the works and predictions of Aldous Huxley and George Orwell. Both Huxley and Orwell, as one could infer, composed novels that describe future societies and their inner workings. Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World, where members of society originate from a lab and who’s lives are pre-determined by the controllers. The controllersRead MoreA Brave New World vs. 1984991 Words   |  4 PagesA Brave New World vs. 1984 There are many similarities and differences between Aldous Huxleys A Brave New World and George Orwells 1984. With my analysis of both novels, I have come to the conclusion that they are not as alike as you would believe. A Brave New World is a novel about the struggle of John, ‘the savage, who rejects the society of the Brave New World when and discovers that he could never be truly happy there. 1984 is a novel about Winston, who finds forbidden loveRead MoreA Literary Analysis Of 1984 By George Orwell721 Words   |  3 Pages The essay your about to read is a literary analysis of the book â€Å"1984 by George Orwell† it was written in 1948 as a thriller. Winston Smith is the main character of this story followed by two characters â€Å"Julia and O’Brien.† The book starts off with main character Winston being very frustrated with what is called the â€Å"Party† lead by a man named â€Å"Big Brother† hints the saying â€Å"bi g brother is watching you† from â€Å"George Orwells worst fear† stated by express.co.uk. the book takes you for a rideRead MoreEnglish Year 11 Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagesthe texts you have studied? In your response you should relate to your prescribed text (1984) and ONE related text. Power can be defined as many types ranging from physical, psychological, love, status or government. With power comes great responsibility. If power is not controlled, negative consequences could be developed. This is noticeable through the 2 texts that have been analysed, George Orwell 1984 and Disney Pixar Film WALL E. In both these texts, countless types of power can be extractedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : Apple Commercial1230 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis: Apple Commercial This paper will examine a particular Apple ad that appeared on television in 1984. The Macintosh was and still is very popular computer that provides a simplistic feel of creativeness and freedom. Freedom is a key concept because the ad expresses the need to have a sense of freedom to do what we want with no restrictions. Apple is well-known all over the world for the sex appeal to its products, like the iPhone, iPad, and the Macintosh series. These productsRead More1984 Doublethink Analysis1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Doublethink in The Government of 1984 â€Å" War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength,†. The following quote originates from the infamous novel, 1984 by George Orwell. The significance of this popular quote was to display an example of the action of doublethink. Doublethink is the act of having two contradictory thoughts at the same time and believing both are true. Doublethink plays an influential role in the novel, 1984. The novel takes place in a super-state by the nameRead MoreCensorship, By George Orwell881 Words   |  4 Pages Censorship In George Orwell’s novel, 1984, the theme, censorship, greatly influences the storyline. Within the society, Oceania, the government censors everything from the newspapers to an individual s thoughts. Although, Oceania does not have any specific laws the citizens know that challenging the party, even with facial expressions, could result in punishment or possibly death. The prime reasoning behind censorship is control. In order to gain the ultimate control the Inner Party utilizes

Patients With Neurologic Dysfunction Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Keshin Himura is a 42-year-old patient diagnosed with pituitary prolactinoma, a benign tumour that arises from the pituitary secretory organ, ensuing in a lessening in libido and powerlessness and increased milk production of the chest. The patient besides has ailments of concern and sleepiness and the presence of ocular field alterations and papilledema preoperatively. What postoperative attention should the nurse provide the patient? The nurse should supply the undermentioned postoperative attention to the patient: Evaluate joke physiological reaction and ability to get down Offer semisoft diet Perform neurologic cheques Monitor critical marks Maintain neurologic flow chart Reorient patient when necessary to individual, clip and topographic point If with ictuss, carefully proctor and and protect from hurt Check motor map at intervals Assess for centripetal perturbations Evaluate address The patient ‘s household asks the nurse how will they cognize that the jobs the patient had before surgery have stopped ; what is the nurse ‘s best response? Through observation, carry oning series of trial that will be provided by the doctor ( e. We will write a custom essay sample on Patients With Neurologic Dysfunction Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. MRI, CT scans ) to look into if the tumours are already diminished, because presence of tumour will still suppress the marks and symptoms of the upset. The primary aim of the surgical intercession is to take or destruct the full tumour without increasing the neurologic shortage and to alleviate symptoms by decompression. And if there is no grounds of tumour, the normal degrees of endocrine would return in usual, the patient will no longer see the symptoms of the disease. What direction schemes should the nurse anticipate will be ordered to care for diabetes insipidus if it occurs? The aim of the therapy is: To replace ADH To guarantee equal fluid replacing To rectify the implicit in intracranial job ( pituitary prolactinoma ) A unstable want trial is ordered by the doctor to corroborate for the diagnosing of diabetes insipidus by: keep backing fluids by 8 to 12 hours Patient is weighed often during the trial Plasma and urine osmolality surveies are performed at the beginning and terminal of the trial. The inability to increase the specific gravitation and osmolality of the piss is an indicant of Diabetes insipidus Pharmacologic Therapy Administer Desmopressin ( DDAVP ) intranasally, BID as ordered Nursing Management Establish baseline informations ( weight, BP, I/O spiel ) , Monitor BP and weight often throughout therapy and study sudden alterations to physician Monitor I/O and specific gravitation and serum osmolality as ordered If patient has Coronary arteria disease, utilize this drug with cautiousness as this drug causes vasoconstriction Avoid concentrated fluids as this addition piss volume What discharge instructions should the nurse provide the patient and household? Most patients will pass at least one dark in the intensive attention unit ( ICU ) and so typically 2 or 3 extra darks on a regular ( non-ICU ) ward after surgery The patient will probably hold some incisional hurting and mild to chair concern for which he will be given pain medicine. A CT scan or MRI will be ordered before discharge Ask patient to return 2-3weeks after surgery Inform patient to return 2-3months after 1st check-up Inform household to watch out for marks of DI ( intense thirst, frequent micturition ) . Refer instantly Management of Patients with Neurologic DysfunctionA A Case Study 2 Hiehachi Nishima, a 22-year-old patient who weighs 150 lbs, nowadayss to the exigency section ( ED ) after being thrown from his Equus caballus and go throughing out for a few proceedingss ; he regained consciousness. The friend who was besides siting a Equus caballus called the squad. The patient presented with a GCS of 15, and the neuro test was within normal bounds ( WNL ) . The ED physician wrote the orders for a CT scan without contrast of the caput, CBC, nephritic and metabolic profile, PT, PTT, and INR. The nurse sent the labs and had the IV of NS at keep-open rate per ED protocol hanging. The nurse was expecting radiology to name for the patient to travel for the CT when the patient had an epileptic call, became unconscious, stiffened his full organic structure, and so had violent musculus contractions. The respirations are really shallow, and the lips and nail bed became bluish. The patient lost control of vesica and intestine. The patient spot his lingua and blood is coming from the oral cavity. The radiology section calls and is ready for the patient. List in the right order the actions that should be taken by the nurse. Before and during a ictus, the patient is assessed and the undermentioned points are documented: The fortunes before the ictus The happening of aura The first thing the patient does in the ictus – where motions or stiffness Begins, conjugate regard place, place of caput The type of motions in the portion of the organic structure involved The countries of the organic structure involved The size of the students and whether the eyes are unfastened Whether the eyes or the caput are turned to one side The presence or absence of automatisms Incontinence of piss or stool Unconsciousness and its continuance Any obvious palsy or failing of weaponries or legs after the ictus Inability to talk after the ictus Motions at the terminal of the ictus Whether or non the patient slumbers or non afterwards Cognitive position after the ictus In add-on to supplying informations about the ictus, nursing attention is directed at forestalling hurt and back uping the patient non merely physically but besides psychologically. Consequences such as anxiousness, embarrassment, weariness, and depression can be lay waste toing to the patient. After the patient has a ictus, the nurse ‘s function is to document the events taking to and happening during and after the ictus to forestall complications. Explain what type of ictus the patient is holding, and depict the three stages of the patient ‘s ictus and the specific nursing attention for each phase. The patient had a tonic-clonic ( gran mal ) ictus. There are three stages viz. the aura, the quinine water and the clonic stage. In the aura stage is the premonition of an epileptic onslaught. It characterized by episodes of Deja vu or Jamais vu. The client may besides hold auditory, olfactory, or even ocular hallucinations, unnatural gustatory sensations, and prickling esthesiss. Physical symptoms include giddiness, concern, dizziness, sickness, numbness. Though in this instance, the client did non demo marks of the aura stage. *Nsg Mgt: Provide privateness and protect the patient from funny looker-ons Patients who have an aura may hold clip to seek a safe, private topographic point Ease the patient to the floor, if possible Loosen constricting vesture Push aside any furniture that may wound the patient during a ictus If an aura precedes the ictus, insert an unwritten air passage to cut down the possibility of the patient ‘s seize with teething the lingua The following is the tonic stage. It is normally the shortest portion of the ictus, enduring non more than merely a few seconds. In this instance, it is when the patient had an epileptic call, became unconscious and stiffened his full organic structure. *Nsg Mgt: Protect the caput with a tablet to forestall hurt from striking a difficult surface If the patient is in bed, take pillows and raise side tracks The last is the clonic stage. It is when the client had violent musculus contractions, really shallow respirations, the lips and nail beds became bluish, lost control of vesica and intestine and seize with teeth his lingua. *Nsg Mgt: Do non try to prise unfastened jaws that are clenched in a cramp or to infix anything. Broken dentition and hurt to the lips and lingua may ensue from such an action. No effort should be made to keep the patient during the ictus because muscular contractions are strong and restraint can do hurt If possible, place the patient on one side with caput flexed frontward, which allows the lingua to fall frontward and facilitates drainage of spit and mucous secretion. If suction is available, utilize if necessary to clear secernments. The ED physician orders the followers: Valium ( Valium ) 10 milligram every 10 to 15 proceedingss prn for ictuss ( maximal dosage of 30 milligram ) . Once seizures halt, administer Dilantin ( diphenylhydantoin ) 10 mg/kg IVPB. ECG monitoring continuously, VS, GCS, neuro cheques every 30 proceedingss. Explain what meds the nurse should supply, in what order, and how they should be administered. The nurse should supply Valium injection ( Valium ) 10 milligram IM PRN every 10 to 15 mins. ( max 30mg ) for his ictus to relief the musculus cramp. For the long term alleviation, administer Dilantin ( diphenylhydantoin ) 10 mg/kg IVPB lading dose STAT, one time the ictuss stop. Dilantin ( diphenylhydantoin ) is an anti-seizure medicine ( anticonvulsant ) , particularly to forestall tonic-clonic ( expansive mal ) ictuss and complex partial ictuss ( psychomotor ictuss ) .We use piggyback to administrate different IV drugs at different times. Dilantin can do crossness to the venas and can do serious tissue and/or nervus harm if it infiltrates. So we should administrate it with normal saline. Pull up the drugs in a syringe and attach it to the piggyback port on the IV tube cassette, which is run at the same time with the primary IV fluid ( normal saline ) . Run it easy and maintain an oculus on the ECG proctor. This ECG monitoring should be done continuously to assist place irregular p ulses. For the critical marks, Glasgow coma graduated table and neuro V/S, it should be look into every 30 proceedingss to supply dependable, nonsubjective manner of entering the witting province of a individual for initial every bit good as subsequent appraisal. Group Assignments Have each member reference nursing direction related to caring for an unconscious patient. Preventing Urinary Retention Palpate vesica at intervals to find whether urinary keeping is present If patient is non invalidating, an indwelling catheter is inserted and connected to a closed drainage system as ordered Observe for febrility and cloudy piss for infection Observe the country around the urethral opening for any drainage Equally shortly as consciousness is regained, a bladder-training plan initiated Promote Bowel Function Assess venters for dilatation by listening for intestine sounds ( irregular rippling sounds should be heard every 5-20sec ) Measuring the girth of the venters with a tape step. Proctor for the figure and consistence of intestine motions Perform rectal scrutiny for marks of faecal impaction as ordered. Stool softeners may be prescribed and can be administered with tubing eatings Glycerin suppository may be indicated to ease intestine emptying May require clyster every other twenty-four hours to empty lower colon Maintain Skin and Joint Integrity Monitor force per unit area countries for possible ulcerations Establish a regular agenda of turning to avoid force per unit area, which can do breakdown and mortification of the tegument This provides kinaesthetic, proprioceptive and vestibular stimulation Avoid dragging and drawing the patient up in the bed, because this creates a shearing force and clash on the tegument surface Maintain correct organic structure place Passive exercising of the appendages is of import to forestall contractures Splints or foam boots may be used to forestall foot bead and force per unit area of bedding on the toes Trochanter axial rotations may be used to back up the hip articulations and maintain the legs in proper alliance Supplying Mouth Care Inspect oral cavity for waterlessness, redness, and crusting Cleanse and rinse oral cavity carefully to take secernments and crusts and to maintain the mucose membranes moist Administer petroleum jelly on the lips to forestall drying, checking and incrustations. If patient has an endotracheal tubing, the tubing should be moved to the opposite side of the oral cavity and lips Perform everyday tooth brushing every 8hrs to diminish ventilator-associated pneumonia Keeping the Airway Promote the caput of bed to 30 grades to forestall aspiration. Topographic point the client in sidelong place to let the jaw and lingua to fall frontward to advance drainage of secernments. Suction for secernments as needed Maintain unwritten hygiene Chest physical therapy and postural drainage to advance pneumonic hygiene Auscultate the patient ‘s thorax every 8 hours to measure for any deviated breath sounds. If the patient has a mechanical ventilator, maintain the patency of the endotracheal tubing or tracheotomy, supply unwritten attention, monitor arterial blood gas measurings and keeping ventilator scenes. Protecting the Patient Raise side rails up every bit ever to forestall hurt Ensure the patient ‘s self-respect during altered LOC, talking to the client during nursing attention activities. Keeping Fluid Balance and Managing Nutritional Needs Assess tegument turgor and mucose membrane for waterlessness Monitor for consumption and end product and find the demands for catheterisation Continuing Corneal Integrity Patient ‘s eyes may be cleansed with cotton balls moistened with unfertile normal saline to take any discharge. For unreal cryings ( prescription by the doctor ) , may present every 2 hours. Keeping Body Temperature The environment can be adjusted ( depending on the patient ‘s status ) to advance normal organic structure temperature. If body temperature is elevated, a minimal sum of bedclothes is used. For geriatric patients and does n’t hold any elevated temperature, a heater environment is needed. Supplying Centripetal Stimulation Communicate with patient, and promote the household members to make it so. Orient the patient to clip, day of the month, and topographic point one time for every 8 hours. Have each group member develop a nursing diagnosing related to a patient with an altered degree of consciousness. Identify possible jobs and complications related to the nursing diagnosing. Nursing Diagnosis Potential Problems and Complications 1. Ineffective airway clearance related to altered degree of consciousness Aspiration 2. Hazard for impaired tegument unity related to prolonged stationariness Bed sore Pressure ulceration 3. Impaired Urinary riddance: keeping related to impairment in neurologic detection and control Bladder dilatation Infection Formation of rocks 4. Impaired tissue unity of cornea related to decrease or remove corneal physiological reaction Periorbital hydrops Ulcers Corneal scratchs 5. Deficient fluid volume related to inability to take fluids by oral cavity Dehydration Cerebral hydrops 6. Interrupted household processes related to alterations in the cognitive and physical position of their loved 1 Crisis Severe anxiousness, denial, choler, compunction, heartache, and rapprochement 7. Hazard for hurt related to decreased LOC Fallss 8. Ineffective thermoregulation related to damage to hypothalamic centre Hyperthermia 9. Impaired unwritten mucose membrane related to talk external respiration, absence of guttural physiological reaction and altered fluid intake Dryness Inflammation Crusting 10. Bowel incontinency related to impairment neurologic detection and control Abdominal dilatation Diarrhea Frequent loose stools As a group, place possible complications that may originate in the postoperative stage of cranial surgery. Increased ICP Monro-Kellie hypothesis provinces that, because of the limited infinite for enlargement within the skull, an addition in any one of the constituents causes a alteration in the volume of the others.because encephalon tissue has limited infinite to spread out, compensation typically is accomplished by displacing or switching CSF, increasing the soaking up or decreasing the production of CSF, or diminishing intellectual volume ensuing to an addition ICP. Bleeding and hypovolaemic daze An accretion of blood under the bone flap ( epidural, subdural, or intracerebral haematoma ) may present a menace to life. A coagulum must be suspected in any patient who does non rouse as expected or whose conditions deteriorates. Fluid and electrolyte perturbations IV solutions and blood constituent therapy for patients with intracranial conditions must be administered easy. If they are administered excessively quickly, they can increase ICP. The measure of fluids administered may be restricted to minimise the possibility of intellectual hydrops. Infection The hazard of infection is great when ICP is monitored with an intraventricular catheter and increases with the continuance of the monitoring. Seizures Underliing cause is an electrical perturbation in the nervus cells in one subdivision of the encephalon. An unnatural motor, sensory, autonomic, or physical activity that consequence from sudden inordinate discharge from intellectual nerve cells. Have each group member place a type of ictus. Describe clinical manifestations, diagnosing, and intervention of each. Generalized Seizures: This are seizures that chiefly involves electrical charges in the whole encephalon, its clinical manifestations includes loss of consciousness for a short or long period of clip. Types of Seizure Clinical Manifestation â€Å" Grand Mal † or Generalized tonic-clonic Unconsciousness Paroxysms Muscle rigidness Absence Short loss of unconsciousness Myoclonic Irregular jerked meat motions Clonic Insistent jerked meat motions Tonic Muscle stiffness and rigidness Atonic Loss of musculus tone Diagnosis: Physical scrutiny peculiarly neurologic scrutiny Electroencephalogram For impermanent and reversible causes of ictuss: Blood chemical science Blood sugar Complete Blood Count Cerebrospinal fluid analysis Kidney map trial Liver map trials Trial to find the cause and location: EEG ( electroencephalograph ) to mensurate the electrical activity in the encephalon Head CT or MRI scan Lumbar puncture-spinal pat Treatment: When a ictus occurs, protect the individual from hurt, make the environment safe for you and the patient. Protect the patient ‘s caput Loosen tight vesture Put the patient into a side-lying place if vomiting occurs Stay with patient until she or he is to the full recovered Monitor the patient ‘s critical marks Medicines such as antiepileptics may be given as ordered to cut down the figure of future ictuss. The DO N’T ‘s During Seizures: Do n’t keep the patient Do n’t put anything between the patient ‘s dentition during a ictus Do n’t travel the patient unless he or she is in danger or near something risky Do n’t seek to halt the patient from convulsing. Partial Seizures: This are seizures that chiefly involves electrical charges in one portion of the encephalon, its clinical manifestations includes unnatural musculus motions, automatisms, unnatural esthesiss, hallucinations, sickness, perspiration, dilated students, rapid bosom rate and pulsation rate, alterations in vision. Types of Seizure Clinical Manifestation Simple ( consciousness is integral ) Jerky motions Muscle rigidness, cramp Unusual esthesis Memory and emotional perturbation Complex ( consciousness is impaired ) Automatisms: lip slap, masticating, walking and insistent involuntary and coordinated motions Diagnosis: CT scan Magnetic resonance imaging Electroencephalogram EEG-video recordings Treatment: Vagus Nerve Stimulation in which a little battery is implanted in the chest wall which will plan to present short explosions of energy to the encephalon. Corpus Callosotomy is a type of surgical intercession that will cut the connexions between the two sides of the encephalon that will forestall bead attacks.. Multiple sub-pial transection which is a surgical technique that will cut a certain connexion between nervus cells. How to cite Patients With Neurologic Dysfunction Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Management and Exclusionary Discipline Strategies †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Management and Exclusionary Discipline Strategies. Answer: Introduction Cry problems, postnatal depression and the infant sleep and are the affect the metal health of the concerned parents. Several studies conducted reveal that crying problems and infant sleep are a common phenomenon that occur within the first few months of the infants (Cook et al., 2012). These problems are associated with depression among the new mothers, premature weaning. Infant crying is considered a risk factor for head trauma. Along with the crying problems, the sleep problems among the infants are the common problems which forces the parents to seek help from the healthcare professionals. While to address these only a few work has been done in this field. Hence, this study is aimed towards evaluation of a prevention plan that aims to prohibit the cry and sleep complications among the infants and also focusses on the issue of postnatal depression. Yes, the trial addressed a clearly focused issue. A randomized control trial was performed on 781 infants who are born at 32 weeks in 42 well child centers which is located in Melbourne, Australia. Infant aged 4 and 6 months were followed up. Intervention included the supply of instruction about cry patterns, infant sleep, settling techniques, parent self-care, causes of crying among the infants, these are dispatched by DVD and booklets (at the 4 weeks infant age), telephonic consultation (during the 8 weeks) and group that includes the parents (at 13 weeks) in contrast to well-child care. The outcomes revealed the infant night sleep problems by the caregiver group, daytime sleep in infants, feeding and cry problems, sleep and cry period, symptoms of depression among the caregivers, night waking and attendance and change of formula (Hiscock et al., 2014). Yes, the assignment of the infants to treatments were randomized. The research team emailed baseline questionnaire to the interested families, information statement for the participants and consent forms. After the forms were received, around 1957 families were invited to take part in the selection procedure, among these 770 were found to be eligible and they were recruited. Finally, a total of 781 infants which also included twins. The families were randomly placed in the intervention group and control group. The intervention group had 385 families with 388 infants and the control group had 385 families with 393 infants. This whole procedure of segregating the infants was done by an independent statistician and a computer which generated random numbers. The families and research team remained concealed till the allocation of groups and even during the time of recruitment and consent. Beyond this level the concealment was not feasible depending on the intervention type (Jrvinen et al ., 2014). The trial did not stop early while after the 4 month and 6 month follow up respectively, the intervention was discontinued because the families did not return the questionnaire, were too busy with their work and were no longer interested in the intervention. After, the 4-month follow-up the intervention group, the intervention was discontinued on the 8 infants from 8 families. The same occurred after the 6-month follow-up in which intervention were discontinued for the intervention group counting 1 infant from 1 family. The control group also shared the similar discontinuations. After 4-month follow-up intervention were discontinued for the 6 infants from 6 families. And after 6-month follow-up intervention was discontinued for the 2 infants from 2 families. Yes, all the patients that were assigned to the respective randomized groups were analyzed (Neff Germer, 2013). No, the health workers, patients and the researchers were not blind to the treatment. Although, the outcomes may be biased due to the lack of blinding of the intervention, but the absence of any group differences in the outcome of the infants depicts that no biasness had occurred. According to the results, comparing with the adults that reside in state of Victoria, the caregivers were better educated and there is higher chance that they will speak English at their residence. Hence the results do not generalize with the less educated and the non-educated parents that speak English. Yes, the groups were identical at the beginning of the trial. Around 1957 families were invited to take part in the selection procedure, among these 770 were found to be eligible and they were recruited. Finally, a total of 781 infants which included twins. The families were randomly placed in the intervention group and control group. Then the final 770 families were segregated in to two separate groups: intervention group and controlled group each having 385 families with 388 and 393 infants respectively. According to the analysis, it was found that the participating families were comparatively belonging from a higher socio-economic status than the non-participating families. Majority of the primary care givers were mothers aged around 33, with the average infant age of around 4 weeks. Apart from the primary caregivers that speak English as a first language, the control families did not differ demographically from the intervention groups (Hiscock et al., 2014). Apart from the examination intervention, both the groups were treated uniformly. In order to reduce the biased data to percolate into the results, the groups were treated equally. The population selection and segregation were done in a concealed way and randomized way. This whole procedure of segregating the infants was done by an independent statistician and a computer which generated random numbers. Hence, this justifies that groups were treated equally other than the differences in the experimental intervention (Mitchell Bradshaw, 2013). The outcomes that were measured include the infant outcomes at the 4 and 6 months, caregiver outcomes at the 4 and 6 months. Yes, the primary outcome is clearly specified. The outcome is caregiver reported which includes the infant night sleep problem (Hiscock et al., 2014). The results found in the infant outcome at the 4 and 6 months are as follows: No changes were found in the caregiver report from both the groups including the intervention group and the control group. which depicts that infant crying, sleeping and the feeding problems were same in both the groups. The condition arm was differentially affected for those infants that were classified as frequent feeder at the 4 months but not in 6 months. The infants in both the groups, who were frequently fed showed 87% higher chances of sleep problems during daytime and 73% higher chance of experiencing the problems of crying. Sleep problems during the night time showed similar results in both the groups. The comparison between the first born and the later born revealed no differences in the sleeping and the crying patterns. The results of the caregiver outcomes at the 4 and 6 months are as follows: The caregiver outcomes also depicted that the both groups had the similar depression symptoms at the 4 months. However, at the 6 months, the caregivers of the intervention group reported that it scored less than 9 in comparison with the control group on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Within the 4 and 6 months, the intervention caregiver reported a less score on the EPDS in comparison to the control caregivers. Intervention caregivers also had less ambiguity about managing the sleep of infants. At the 4 months the intervention caregivers asked for more help than the caregivers of control group. While at 6 months there was no difference. Judging by the confidence interval is between 0.03 to 0.54 which depicts a confidence limit of 95%. Thus, the estimation of the treatment effect is deemed to be precise (Samuels, Witmer Schaffner, 2012). No, I do not think that the infants and the families that the trial covered are identical enough to the other patients to whom I will apply, because this study effectively removed the families who were socio-economically poor and less educated and excluded the families that do not speak English as the first language. Hence, if I am to study a population that is socio-economically different from the families selected in this particular study, then this study will fail to a considerable extent (Mitchell Bradshaw, 2013). The paper clearly states about the problems in the crying and the sleep patterns among the frequent feeders, the paper is restricted to the issues of the frequent feeders while the problems experience by the infrequent feeders is not addressed in this research study. Although the outcomes are suitable in the broad perspective, but it loses the traction when infrequent feeders are taken into account (Lapillonne Griffin, 2013). The study is relatively based and designed to address the issues that arise due to frequent feeding, like the infant sleep problems and the cry problems. The study is broadly a community based and a randomized controlled trial which selects a sample size of 781 infants and emphasizes on the infant outcomes and caregiver outcomes at the 4 and 6 months. The sample size of 781 infants is segregated in to two groups containing a controlled group and an intervention group. An important finding is that parents consider infant crying as a normal phenomenon and do not report it as a problem, the study even tried to address the issue but it was unsuccessful which depicts that more than education is required to solve the problem. It is found that the caregivers accrued moderate benefits, a greater amount of reduction in the symptoms of depression between the 4 and 6 month and lesser incidence of the manifestations at the 6 months. Educating the caregivers provided them with ample amount of knowledge which helps to identify the reasons behind the infant sleep disorders (Angelo, Egan Reid, 2013). This very knowledge helped the caregivers to have a better mental health. Thus, it can be said that the benefits are worth the harms and costs. PICOT Analysis According to Riva et al. (2012), the PICOT analysis of the study reveals the following: Population/ Patient problem- A randomized control trial was performed on 781 infants who are born at 32 weeks in 42 well child centers which is located in Melbourne, Australia. Infant aged 4 and 6 months were followed up. Intervention- Intervention included the supply of instruction about cry patterns, infant sleep, settling techniques, parent self-care, causes of crying among the infants, these are dispatched by DVD and booklets (at the 4 weeks infant age), telephonic consultation (during the 8 weeks) and group that includes the parents (at 13 weeks) in contrast to well-child care. Comparison- The families were randomly placed into intervention group and control group. The intervention group included 385 families containing 388 infants and the control group included 385 families containing 393 infants. Here, the control group served as a control population or the comparison group. Outcome- The outcomes revealed the infant night sleep problems by the caregiver group, daytime sleep in infants, feeding and cry problems, sleep and cry period, symptoms of depression among the caregivers, night waking and attendance and change of formula Time- the duration of the whole study was a 16 month. It took part between 1st March 2010 to 1st June 2011. Analysis of primary results The magnitude of the intervention effect can be summarized as caregivers accrued moderate benefits, a greater amount of contraction in the depression symptoms among the 4 and 6 month and fewer incidence of the manifestation at the 6 months. Educating the caregivers provided them with sufficient amount of knowledge which helps them to identify the reasons behind the infant sleep disorders. This very knowledge helped the caregivers to have a better mental health. The precision of the intervention effect is based on the confidence interval which is between 0.03 to 0.54, that depicts a confidence limit of 95%. Hence, when infants are frequently fed, there is 87% more probability of experiencing the sleep issues during daytime. And 73% more probability of experiencing the problems related to crying in the infants. Both the observations have a 95% confidence interval which depicts that the results are applicable to the wider population. While considering the results of caregiver outcomes at the 4 and 6 months, at the 6 months, the intervention caregivers scored less than the 9, with a confidence interval of 95% which depicts its applicability with the wider population. And also between the 4 and 6 months the depression levels among the caregivers reduced and they scored less than 9 on the EPDS compared to the control caregivers (Samuels, Witmer Schaffner, 2012). Statistically, the data reveals a positive outcome among the caregivers in the intervention group. These positive outcomes are applicable to the wider population that are experiencing sleep and cry problems. While the data and findings loses its validity and impact when the infants are frequently fed. When the infants are frequently fed, the incidence of the sleep and cry problems increase among them. Clinical Scenario Around 1957 families were invited to take part in the selection procedure, among these 770 were found to be eligible and they were recruited. Finally, a total of 781 infants which included twins. The families were randomly placed in to intervention group and control group. Then the final 770 families were segregated in to two separate groups: intervention group and controlled group each having 385 families with 388 and 393 infants respectively. The study was conducted in Australia focusing on the educated families that have a well socio-economic status. Benefits that are accrued from the study are depicted clearly in the results (Powell et al., 2014). While the study itself devoid of any harms, it had costs attached with it during its conduct. The cost of training the health professionals, family, conduction of a parent group session, the distribution of the intervention materials and other overhead costs. Thus results depict that they are applicable to a clinical scenario because th e intervention group showed positive outcomes compared to the control group. The outcomes favored the caregivers that are provided with the appropriate training and resources. Conclusion Therefor to conclude from the above disclosure, the study throws light into the issue that was not well researched. It reveals a positive outcome that are beneficial for the caregivers when provided with the appropriate training and knowledge. While, the study is not applicable for the infants that are frequently fed, a lot of works remains to be done for the caregivers that lacked education and knowledge of nurturing and caring the infants. References Angelo, J. K., Egan, R., Reid, K. (2013). Essential knowledge for family caregivers.International journal of palliative nursing,19(8), 383-88. Cook, F., Bayer, J., Le, H. N., Mensah, F., Cann, W., Hiscock, H. (2012). Baby Business: a randomised controlled trial of a universal parenting program that aims to prevent early infant sleep and cry problems and associated parental depression.BMC pediatrics,12(1), 13. Hiscock, H., Cook, F., Bayer, J., Le, H. N., Mensah, F., Cann, W., ... St James-Roberts, I. (2014). Preventing early infant sleep and crying problems and postnatal depression: a randomized trial.Pediatrics,133(2), e346-e354. Jrvinen, T. L., Sihvonen, R., Bhandari, M., Sprague, S., Malmivaara, A., Paavola, M., ... Guyatt, G. H. (2014). 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